Adverse renal effects associated with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with postoperative renal dysfunction, one of the most common complications of this surgical cohort. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased short-term morbidity and mortality and has been the focus of much research. There is increasing recognition of the role of AKI as the key pathophysiological state leading to the disease entities acute and chronic kidney disease (AKD and CKD). In this narrative review, we will consider the epidemiology of renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery on CPB and the clinical manifestations across the spectrum of disease. We will discuss the transition between different states of injury and dysfunction, and, importantly, the relevance to clinicians. The specific facets of kidney injury on extracorporeal circulation will be described and the current evidence evaluated for the use of perfusion-based techniques to reduce the incidence and mitigate the complications of renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery.

Developing guidance for the management of intraoperative anaesthetic machine failure.

Intraoperative anaesthetic machine failure represents an immediate risk to patient safety, as well as risking long-term harm in the form of accidental awareness under general anaesthesia. Currently, there is no widely accepted consensus guidance for the management of such an event. Based upon institutional experiences of anaesthetic machine failure and the principles of delivering good-quality care under emergency scenarios, we devised a single-sheet guideline for management of this event. This guidance assigns clear roles in the management of the event, identifies the key priorities for immediate care, and makes provisions for ensuring ongoing high-quality care following the event. Discussion is given to the rationale for the key components, and the importance of involving the whole perioperative team in developing such guidance. Further discussion involves the crucial elements of local implementation, making sure that guidance is location and personnel specific. Key future steps in this important patient safety project are also discussed.

Neurologic complications after cardiopulmonary bypass - A narrative review.

Neurologic complications, associated with cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in adults, are common and can be devastating in some cases. This comprehensive review will not only consider the broad categories of stroke and neurocognitive dysfunction, but it also summarises other neurological complications associated with CPB, and it provides an update about risks, prevention and treatment. Where appropriate, we consider the impact of off-pump techniques upon our understanding of the contribution of CPB to adverse outcomes.

Perioperative Management of the Patient at High-Risk for Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common major complications of cardiac surgery, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac surgery-associated AKI has a complex, multifactorial etiology, including numerous factors such as primary cardiac dysfunction, hemodynamic derangements of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, and the possibility of a large volume of blood transfusion. There are no truly effective pharmacologic therapies for the management of AKI, and, therefore, anesthesiologists, intensivists, and cardiac surgeons must remain vigilant and attempt to minimize the risk of developing renal dysfunction. This narrative review describes the current state of the scientific literature concerning the specific aspects of cardiac surgery-associated AKI, and presents it in a chronological fashion to aid the perioperative clinician in their approach to this high-risk patient group. The evidence was considered for risk prediction models, preoperative optimization, and the intraoperative and postoperative management of cardiac surgery patients to improve renal outcomes.

Frailty and perioperative patient-reported disability in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative frailty may predispose patients to poorer outcomes in cardiac surgery; however, there are limited data concerning how preoperative frailty predicts patient-centred outcomes, such as patient-reported disability. Our objective was to evaluate the association between preoperative frailty and postoperative disability. METHODS: Patients were prospectively evaluated using the Comprehensive Assessment of Frailty score, separating patients into frail and non-frail cohorts. Disability levels were quantified using the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 in percentage of the maximum disability score, with disability defined as a value ≥25%. RESULTS: Frail patients had increased median [inter-quartile range] disability scores of 31 [16-45]% preoperatively, 29 [9-54]% at 1 month, and 15 [3-31]% at 3 months postoperatively, compared with disability scores in non-frail patients of 10 [5-17]%, 17 [6-29]%, and 2.1 [0-12.0]%, respectively. Preoperative frailty was associated with a reduced likelihood of patients being free of disability and alive at 3 months; adjusted odds ratio 0.51 (for age, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II, and WHODAS 2.0: 12-Part Questionnaire score); P=0.045. The trajectory of disability scores, assessed in percentage change from the preoperative baseline, showed non-frail patients had increased disability burden at 1 month, whereas frail patients had reduced disability burden (+4.2% vs -2.1%; P=0.04). Although the disability burden decreased for both groups at 3 months, this was most marked for frail patients (-6.3% vs -10.4%; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Disability burden in frail patients improves continuously postoperatively, whereas in non-frail patients, it worsens at 1 month before improving at 3 months postoperatively. This positive trajectory of patient-centred outcomes in frail patients should be considered in preoperative decision-making.

Neuromonitoring and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review.

Neurocognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery can present with diverse clinical phenotypes, which include postoperative delirium, postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and stroke, and it presents a significant healthcare burden for both patients and providers. Neurologic monitoring during cardiac surgery includes several modalities assessing cerebral perfusion and oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy, transcranial Doppler and jugular venous bulb saturation monitoring) and those that measure cerebral function (processed and unprocessed electroencephalogram), reflecting an absence of a single, definitive neuromonitor. This narrative review briefly describes the technologic basis of these neuromonitoring modalities, before exploring their use in clinical practice, both as tools to predict neurocognitive dysfunction, and with a bundle of interventions designed to optimize cerebral oxygen supply, with the aim of reducing postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction following cardiac surgery.

Digital calcinosis circumscripta: case series and review of the literature.

A series of three paediatric cases of digital calcinosis circumscripta is presented. Digital calcinosis circumscripta is an unusual form of calcinosis circumscripta occurring specifically in the digits. The condition is rare among the paediatric population. The cases serve to clarify the clinical and radiographic features of the condition and to discuss suggested treatment options.